Assessing the resilience of communities is a complex process as it involves the interaction of individuals, families, groups and the environment. Many of the theoretical models which address the concept of resilience focus on the issues which reduce the vulnerability of individuals and communities

Vulnerability arises from the intersection of human systems, the natural environment and the built environment. The most obvious factor contributing to community vulnerability is its proximity to hazards such as coasts, floodplains, seismic zones, highly combustible forests, industrial contamination, or to explosive remnants of war such as minefields. Poorly constructed buildings, inadequately maintained public infrastructure and the density of the built environment also increase the vulnerability of communities.

Equally important is the economic health of the community, which is closely tied to commercial and industrial development. Finally, there are demographic and social characteristics of residents that make some communities more vulnerable than others. The social vulnerability of communities is borne from inequalities which affect access to resources and information, the ability to absorb the impacts of hazards and disasters without government interventions, housing choice and location, and the political marginalisation of impoverished residents.